Fundamentals of light

The color of sun is the purest color.

Luminous flux:-The amount of light immersing from the source.

                           Unit:-lumen (lm) and

                            symbol is Φ

Luminous Intensity:- The amount of light immersing from the source and falling on a surface per unit area at a point.

                                    Unit:- Candela (Cd)

                                   1 ft Candela = 10 Cd

Illuminance:- The amount of light received by eye per unit area.

                         E= dΦ/dA

                         Unit:-lux –Cd/m²

Luminance:- The amount of light received by eye per unit apparent area.

Apparent Area (A) = |Acosθ|

Unit:- Cd/m²

 Laws of illuminance:-

1). Cosine law:-

                 E=I Cosθ/d²

2). Luminance low:-

                 E=I/d²

Where d is distance from the source to the eye.

Types of visions:-

There are three types of visions

1). Photopic

2). Mesopic

3). Scotopic

1. Photopic:-  It is the day light vision in which cones are more active then rods.

i.e. (Cones↑ Rods↓)

*Rods= 5 to 6 times of Cones

*Retina= Rods + Cones

When Rods are active then we only able to fell the appearance of the object, and when the cones are active then only we are able to see the object clearly.

2. Mesopic:-  It is the evening time vision when sun is about to set. At that time cones and rods both are equally active.

i.e. (Cones = Rods)

3. Scotopic:- It is the night vision in which cones are less active then rods.

i.e. (Cones↓ Rods↑)

Study of Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and VVVF Drive and their Application to Conveyor System

 This work deals with the study of Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) & Variable Voltage Variable Frequency (VVVF) Drive and their application to the Conveyor System in Industry.  Generally, in industry the installed conveyor system moves in a single direction for the transportation of goods and raw material is fed by some other means. Here, our project helps in overcoming this problem. With the application of PLC, our project serve the both forward as well as reverse rotating direction of the conveyor system based on the application of Sensor and Counter. Running of the system is also dependent on time and gets switched off on the predefined time delay. Hence it also proves as power saving. Thus, raw material can be fed to the machine by the conveyor system and after counting up of specified number of pulses, motor will rotate in reverse direction. And so the manufactured products can also be transported through the same conveyor system

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